So a surgeon's perception of their sense of sight is crucial to success. Gauging depth is much more difficult with only a two dimensional representation of three dimensional reality. Accurate handeye coordination in keyhole surgery is, of course, possible, but it takes determination and practice. The surgeon cannot directly see the procedure but operates instruments remotely, watching a monitor connected to a camera inside the patient. Laparoscopic surgery presents even bigger challenges than traditional, open surgery. In the surgery and drawing examples, eye tracking identified points at which the gaze fixed, which were often slightly away from the site of work. And during the critical cutting of the cystic artery, the head and eyes were completely still. Interestingly, they stayed fixed on where the gall bladder was held. Early in the procedure, while cutting away fatty tissue, the surgeon's eyes didn't follow the action of the instrument. The surgical example is the removal of the gall bladder. The exhibition argues that at any one time we receive thorough information from only a tiny fraction of the overall scene, and memory and experience fill in the gaps.
Dense in photosensitive cones, the fovea accounts for half of the visual cortex. Subconsciously we encourage light on to the fovea from the most interesting parts of the view. And between each stable gaze our eyes move rapidly and jerkily. Plots of eye movement show that when we look at a scene, our eyes are attracted to specific elements of colour, shape, and narrative. A physiological explanation is that the short term memory cannot hold enough information for the artist to create an accurate representation in one go. For example, an artist may look back at their subject many times in the course of their work. The plots show differences in coordination between activities too. And plots of eye movement for different activities share similar characteristics, indicating similar types of hand-eye behaviour. Eye trackers resembling high tech glasses record the direction of gaze as a function of space and time.
Examples include playing football and pick-up sticks, as well as drawing and surgery.īrain imaging and the tracking of eye movement give a detailed description of what artists' and surgeons' eyes are doing while they work. The exhibition comprises 12 panels, with integral optical tests to try. Understanding this could help to improve the training of surgeons. This exhibition is a collaboration of research into the physiology of hand-eye coordination in disparate activities, particularly painting and surgery. Precise work involves a complicated interaction in which our eyes guide our movement. Painters, like surgeons, need a steady hand and a good eye.
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